黄河流域水土保持梯田建设

黄河流域水土保持梯田建设高荣乐（黄委会黄河上中游管理局，西安７１００４３）一、梯田建设的发展历程黄河流域坡地修成梯田的历史悠久，有明确记述及可考证的是在明清两代。古代农民在坡地耕作中沿等高线留地界使坡面逐步形成阶梯状，这是黄河流域梯田最早形成的方式。...     

Analysis of the Sediment Development and Trend In Jinshajiang River Drainage Area

Jinshajiang River, which has a drainage area of 485,100 Km 2, average flux of 142.9 billion m 3, and soil conveyance of 247 million t/a, is the largest branch of Changjiang river. It is also the largest soil resource of the Three Gorges reservoir and upper reach of Changjiang River. To research the development and trend of Jinshajiang sediment not only has a relation to Jinshajiang water resource strategy, but also has important meaning to control the silt in Three Gorges reservoir and the Changjiang water resource development. The paper statistically analyses the flux and sediment conveyance of the Pingshan station, which is the primary hydrological station in the Jinshajiang River Drainage Area. Through several non-parameter statistical methods such as Spearman order correlativity check, Kendell order correlativity check, and linear regression check, the paper concludes that the sediment evolvement trend of Pingshan station is not distinct.     

Simulation of the penetration rate (ROP) of the air percussion drilling

It is difficult to calculate the penetration rate (ROP) of percussion drilling. In the early research, the empirical or semiempirical formulae of the ROP are derived from the laboratory or field data collected by the researchers. However, the ROP value of the formulae is not as accurate as that in the field. Benefiting from the dynamic model, the geometric structure model and the theory of the roller cone bit, the mathematical model of the hammer bit, the mathematical model of the true bottom hole and the mathematical model between the tooth and the rock of the hammer bit are established. Hence the ROP of the air percussion drilling can be predicted by simulation. Field tests show the models are reliable and the results are coincident with that in the field. The research can help to redesign the hammer bit and optimize the drilling parameters.     

1953-2010年黄土洼天然淤地坝内洪水沉积物粒度旋回特征

利用¹³⁷Cs断代技术进行沉积物的测年,结合1953年以来的降雨资料,对黄土洼天然聚湫坝淤地的水成沉积物粒度旋回特征进行了分析。结果表明,坝淤地4 m沉积物是在近百年内形成的,物源比较单一,主要为洪水沉积物;降雨是影响沉积物粒度的主要因素;淤地坝内洪水沉积物粒度以粗粉砂为主,中砂含量很少,没有粗砂;沉积物剖面具有良好的沉积层理,剖面粒度旋回至少记录了42次较大的洪水事件,不同期次洪水沉积物之间粒度变化明显,反映了该区近百年内年流域侵蚀和降水量的变化。     

水准仪的校正以及校正时应注意的事项

文章介绍了在野外作业中对水准仪检查与校正的方法,并且提出在校正时应注意的事项。     

空气阀在多水源高扬程供水工程中的水锤防护研究

【目的】研究多水源高扬程供水工程在断电停泵时的水力过渡特性及其水锤防护措施。【方法】基于一维瞬变流理论和特征线法,对空气阀采用自由气体空穴理论,建立供水系统整体数学模型。针对无防护措施下的断电工况过渡过程计算结果,选择在水泵出口侧和扬水管地面段末端设置快关式逆止阀,在供水管道局部高点设置空气阀的联合水锤防护措施,并进行了空气阀参数的敏感性分析。【结果】在未采取水锤防护措施时,在水泵出口侧发生较大压降且供水管道沿线最低内水压力严重超标。在采取合适的水锤防护措施后,在断电工况下,水泵无反转且泵后最小压力不低于-5m,泵后扬水管最小压力不低于-5m,供水主管最大压力不超过160m,最小压力不低于-5m。【结论】空气阀可对水泵出口侧和供水管道的负压起到很好的控制效果。     

黄丘区小流域暴雨径流动力特征对淤地坝配置的响应

为定量揭示淤地坝措施配置对黄丘区小流域暴雨径流形成及演进过程的影响,采用室内小流域人工模拟降雨试验,对不同淤地坝措施布设情景下（无坝、单坝、双坝）小流域不同断面径流的水动力、侵蚀动力特征进行研究。结果表明：径流量与含沙量整体均随时间推移而增大,无淤地坝布设情景下径流量增幅为114.60 cm3/s,双坝情景的径流量增幅仅有70.11 cm3/s;淤地坝对小流域暴雨径流演进过程的影响显著,淤地坝布设后径流流态由主要的紊流-缓流变为以层流-缓流为主,雷诺数Re减小幅度达到12.04%～85.85%;动力参数中径流功率ω和雷诺数Re可以被认为是能够较好描述不同淤地坝布设下侵蚀产沙的动力因子。研究结果对于揭示流域暴雨径流过程及成灾机理具有重要现实意义,可为科学评价水土保持措施调控径流过程的效应提供理论依据。     

河套灌区畦田内不同位置土壤入渗特性及影响因素分析

为明确河套灌区畦田田块不同位置土壤的入渗特性,通过野外试验和室内检测对试验区田块不同位置土壤理化性质和入渗过程进行分析,并基于土壤入渗模型对试验区田块不同位置的土壤入渗过程进行拟合,同时探讨影响土壤入渗过程的影响因素.研究结果表明:试验区田块内不同位置土壤理化性质及入渗特性具有一定差异性且不同位置土壤入渗特性与土壤理化...     

对问卷调查考核干部形式的思考

首先论述了问卷调查方法产生的历史必然性 ,进而分析了问卷调查表的设计与具体操作中的不完善之处 ,并提出了具体的改进措施。